How was the Nazi regime able to carry out the murder of the Jews in the heart of Christian Europe, under the eyes of the ecclesiastics and the faithful? Between prejudice, diplomacy, mutual aid and resistance, why did some men and women of the Church protested and took action, while others remained silent? For eighty years, these questions have continued to question the European conscience.

Beyond the controversies, the recent discoveries linked to the opening of the Vatican archives and to a renewed historiography, offer the opportunity to establish what the positions of the Christian Churches – Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox – were in the face of the Shoah, by resituating them in a longer context, from the tradition of Christian anti-Judaism to recent memory.